Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Dock2 Protects Colitis by Facilitating Akkermansia Colonization via Suppressing IL-22–Reg3 Activity

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02511-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: DOCK2 maintains colonic IFN-γ-producing homeostatic T cells, impairs IL-22 and Reg3 AMP expression, and facilitates Verrucomicrobia colonization under physiological condition. ( A - G ) WT and Dock2 –/– mice were sacrificed under physiological conditions. Gross colonic appearance ( A ) and colon length measurements ( B ) were conducted. Following the isolation of leukocytes from the cLP, the proportions of CD4 + T cells (CD3ε + CD4 + ), CD8 + T cells (CD3ε + CD8α + ), γδT cells (CD3ε + TCRγδ + ), B cells (CD19 + ), NK cells (TCRγδ – NK1.1 + ), neutrophils (Ly6G + CD11b + ), monocytes (Ly6C + CD11b + ) and dendritic cells (MHC-II + CD11c + ) in CD45 + cells ( C ), the proportions of IFN-γ- or IL-17-producing cells in whole CD4 + and CD8 + T cells ( D ), and absolute numbers of IFN-γ- or IL-17-producing CD8 + T cells ( E ) were determined by FACS. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding cytokines and T cell-associated transcription factors ( F ), and indicated AMPs and tight-junction proteins ( G ) in colon tissues were assessed by qPCR (n = 4/group) ( H , I ) mRNA expression levels of Muc2 (H) and Il18 ( I ) in colon tissues from WT and Dock2 –/– mice under normal or colitis conditions were examined by qPCR (n = 4/group). ( J ) Bacterial DNA was extracted from feces isolated from WT and Dock2 –/– mice under physiological conditions, and relative content of each indicated bacterial phylum or order was determined by qPCR using specific primers (WT, n = 11; Dock2 –/– , n = 5). ( K - M ) WT and Rorc –/– mice were sacrificed under physiological conditions. Following the isolation of leukocytes from the cLP, the proportions of IL-22/IL-17-producing cells in CD90.2 + Lineage – ILCs and in CD90.2 – Lineage + cells ( K ), absolute numbers of IL-22 + IL-17 + ILCs and IL-22 + IL-17 + Lineage + cells ( L ) were determined by FACS (n = 8/group). The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding IL-22, Reg3γ, Reg3β, and Mucin 2 in colon tissues were assessed by qPCR ( M ) (n = 6/group). ( N ) Bacterial DNA was extracted from feces isolated from WT and Rorc –/– mice under physiological conditions, and relative content of Akkermansia muciniphila was determined by qPCR using specific primers (n = 6/group). Data in ( A - N ) are from one of two independent experiments. Data in ( B - E , H - N ) are shown as mean ± SD and in (B-N) were analyzed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. Condition labels shown in the bottom panels apply to all graphs within each column. (ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila was cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium in the presence of recombinant Reg3β (MCE, Cat# HY- P76003 ) or Reg3γ (MCE, Cat# HY- P71256 ) at 5 μg/mL for 3, 6, 9, or 12 h at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions.

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Dock2 Protects Colitis by Facilitating Akkermansia Colonization via Suppressing IL-22–Reg3 Activity

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02511-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dock2 signaling in T cells modifies IFN-γ- and IL-22-producing lymphocytes and protects mouse colitis in a commensal microbiota-dependent manner. ( A , B ) Dock2 fl/fl and Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl mice were sacrificed under physiological conditions (n = 4/group). Gross colonic appearance and colon length measurements ( A ) were conducted, and the mRNA expression of Reg3 family AMPs in colon tissues ( B ) were determined by qPCR. ( C - M ) Dock2 fl/fl and Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl mice were administered 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. Body weight loss ( C ) and disease activity index ( D ) were monitored daily during colitis induction (n = 3/group). On day 10 post-DSS treatment, mice were sacrificed, and gross colon observations, colon length measurements ( E , Dock2 fl/fl n = 6, Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl n = 7), and histological analyses of the distal colon (H&E staining) (F, G, n = 3/group) were conducted. Following leukocyte isolation from the cLP, the proportions of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in leukocytes (H, Dock2 fl/fl n = 9, Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl n = 6), IFN-γ + in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells (I, Dock2 fl/fl n = 6, Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl n = 3) and IL-22 + and IL17 + populations in CD90.2 + Lineage – ILCs ( J ) and Lineage + lymphocytes ( K , Dock2 fl/fl n = 6, Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl n = 5) were quantified using FACS. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding IL-22, RORγt and AHR in CD90.2 + Lineage – sorted ILCs ( L , Dock2 fl/fl n = 3, Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl n = 5) and the mRNA expression of Ifng , Il22 and Reg3 family AMPs in colon tissues ( M , Dock2 fl/fl n = 7, Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl n = 4) were determined by qPCR. ( N - S ) Dock2 fl/fl and Cd4 -cre; Dock2 fl/fl mice were co-housed for 4 weeks and then administered 2% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. Body weight loss ( N ) and disease activity index ( O ) were monitored daily during colitis induction. On day 10 post-DSS treatment, mice were sacrificed, and gross colon observations and colon length measurements ( P ), and histological analyses of the distal colon ( Q , H & E staining) were conducted (n = 3/group). Following leukocyte isolation from the cLP, the proportions of whole CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in CD45 + leukocytes (R) and IFN-γ + in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells (S) were quantified using FACS (n = 5/group) Data in ( A - B ) are from one of two, in ( C - M ) are from one of four, and in (N-S) are from one of two independent experiments. Data in ( B - D , F - S ) are shown as mean ± SD. Data in (B-D, F-S) were analyzed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. (ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001)

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila was cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium in the presence of recombinant Reg3β (MCE, Cat# HY- P76003 ) or Reg3γ (MCE, Cat# HY- P71256 ) at 5 μg/mL for 3, 6, 9, or 12 h at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions.

Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay, Staining, Isolation, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Dock2 Protects Colitis by Facilitating Akkermansia Colonization via Suppressing IL-22–Reg3 Activity

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02511-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reg3 AMPs inhibit A. muciniphila expansion, and DOCK2-IFN-γ axis suppresses IL-22 by impairing Ahr transcription. ( A ) WT and Il22 –/– mice were sacrificed under physiological conditions, and the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding Reg3γ, Reg3β, and ZO1 in colon tissues were assessed by qPCR (WT, n = 5; Il22 –/– , n = 4). ( B ) A. muciniphila was cultured at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions with recombinant Reg3γ or Reg3β (5 μg/ml each peptide) added to the medium. Bacterial growth was measured spectrophotometrically at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h (n = 3 replicates/group). ( C ) WT mice were intrarectally administered recombinant Reg3γ or Reg3β for 5 h, followed by determination of A. muciniphila content in feces via qPCR (n = 4). ( D ) CD8 + or CD4 + T cells were isolated from splenocytes of WT mice, and were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies with the addition of DOCK2-Rac1 interaction inhibitor CPYPP. Four days after the stimulation, IFN-γ + in CD8 + or CD4 + T cells were quantified using FACS (n = 5 replicates/group). ( E ) CD90.2 + ILCs were isolated from splenocytes of WT mice, and were stimulated with IL-1β with the addition of recombinant IFN-γ. Twenty-four hours after the stimulation, the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding IL-22, AhR, and RORγt in ILCs were assessed by qPCR (n = 6 replicates/group). ( F ) CD90.2 + ILCs were isolated from splenocytes of WT mice, and were stimulated with IL-1β with the addition of recombinant IFN-γ, AHR inhibitor BAY218 or AHR agonist ITE. Twenty-four hours after the stimulation, the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding IL-22, AHR, and RORγt in ILCs were assessed by qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( G ) CD90.2 + ILCs were isolated from splenocytes of WT mice, and were stimulated with IL-1β with the addition of recombinant IFN-γ and STAT1 antagonist fludarabine. Twenty-four hours after the stimulation, the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding IL-22, AHR, and RORγt in ILCs were assessed by qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( H ) Logo plot of the predicted binding motif of the transcription factor STAT1 to the AhR promoter. ( I ) The efficiency of STAT1 overexpression was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. ( J ) AHR mRNA levels in HT29 cells overexpressing STAT1 or empty vector control were quantified by qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( K ) Schematic of AHR promoter regions (P1–P5) with predicted STAT1-binding sites. STAT1 binding was assessed by ChIP using anti-Flag antibody as a bait from paraformaldehyde cross-linked HT29 cells, followed by RT–PCR. ( L ) AHR mRNA levels in HT29 cells treated with IFN-γ (5, 20 or 50 ng/ml) for 48 h were assessed by RT-qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( M ) Luciferase activity driven by AHR promoter was examined in HT29 cells co-transfected with Renilla and pGL3-AHR reporter plasmids, with or without 20 ng/ml IFN-γ (n = 3 replicates/group). ( N ) H3K27me3 protein levels in HT29 cells treated with LPS or IFN-γ were analyzed by immunoblot. ( O ) AHR mRNA levels in HT29 cells treated with IFN-γ in the presence or absence of GSK126 were quantified by qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( P ) H3K27me3 protein levels in HT29 cells treated with increasing concentrations of GSK126 were analyzed by immunoblot. ( Q ) AHR mRNA levels in HT29 cells exposed to graded concentrations of GSK126 were assessed by qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( R ) H3K27me3 enrichment at the AHR promoter following IFN-γ treatment for 24 h in HT29 cells were assessed by ChIP coupled with RT–qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( S ) H3K27me3 enrichment at the AHR promoter following IFN-γ treatment with indicated doses in HT29 cells were assessed by ChIP coupled with RT–qPCR (n = 3 replicates/group). ( T - V ) WT mice were intraperitoneally administered AhR inhibitor BAY-218 (10 mg/kg) every other day for 3 times. On day 6 after the first administration, feces were harvested and A. muciniphila content was determined via qPCR ( T ) (n = 6). The mRNA expression levels of Ahr and Il22 in ILCs ( U ) (n = 3) and the expression of Reg3g , Reg3b , Ahr and Il22 in colon tissues ( V ) (non-treated n = 6, BAY-218 n = 4) were assessed by qPCR. Data in ( B ) are from one of three and in ( A , C - G , I - V ) are from one of two independent experiments. Data in ( A , B , D - G , J , L , M , O , Q – V ) are shown as mean ± SD. Data in ( A , J , M , T - V ) were analyzed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test, in ( C ) using paired two-tailed Student’s t-test, and in ( B , D - G , L , O , Q - S ) using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. Condition labels shown in the bottom panels apply to all graphs within each column. (ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001)

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila was cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium in the presence of recombinant Reg3β (MCE, Cat# HY- P76003 ) or Reg3γ (MCE, Cat# HY- P71256 ) at 5 μg/mL for 3, 6, 9, or 12 h at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions.

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, Recombinant, Isolation, Binding Assay, Over Expression, Western Blot, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Transfection, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Inflammation

Article Title: Dock2 Protects Colitis by Facilitating Akkermansia Colonization via Suppressing IL-22–Reg3 Activity

doi: 10.1007/s10753-026-02511-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: DOCK2-IFN-γ axis is also in the development of human IBD. ( A ) Colon tissues from one CD patient were obtained after resection, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for DOCK2 and REG3γ proteins of inflammatory colon tissues was performed. ( B ) Colon tissues from CD patients and healthy individuals were collected, and the relative mRNA expression of DOCK2 , IFNG , and REG3G in ileum and rectum tissues was determined by bulk RNA-seq analysis (HC, n = 44; CD, n = 46). ( C ) Point plots show the correlation of relative mRNA expression between DOCK2 and IFNG , and between AHR and IL22 by bulk RNA-seq analysis as described in ( B ). ( D ) CD3 + T cells were isolated from the inflammatory colon tissue after resection, and were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies with the addition of DOCK2-Rac1 interaction inhibitor CPYPP. Four days after the stimulation, the mRNA expression level of IFNG was assessed by qPCR (n = 4 replicates/group). ( E – G ) One public scRNA-seq dataset of colon cells obtained from IBD patients ( GSE150516 ) was reanalyzed. Heatmap shows the expression levels of top typical genes in each identified DOCK2 + cell cluster (subset) and Umap shows the cell types of DOCK2 + colonic cells ( E ). Violin plots display the expression of indicated genes in each identified cell cluster ( F ). The point plots show the correlation between the expression levels of DOCK2 and IFNG , and between AHR and IL22 in double-positive CD8 + or CD4 + T cells ( G ). ( H ) One public scRNA-seq dataset of colon cells obtained from IBD patients ( GSE214695 ) were reanalyzed, and the point plots show the correlation between the expression levels of DOCK2 and IFNG in double-positive CD8 + T cells in pooled colonic cells from 6 UC and 6 CD patients. ( I ) Point plots show the correlation between the expression levels of DOCK2 and CD8A , DOCK2 and IFNG , REG3G and IL22 , and AHR and IL22 in the colon tissues from all pooled human samples in the public RNA-seq dataset ( GSE117993 ). ( J ) The relative abundance of A. muciniphila in fecal bacteria from IBD patients and healthy individuals was determined by reanalyzing a public metagenomics sequencing dataset ( GSE111889 , HC n = 429, UC n = 459, CD n = 750). ( K ) The relative abundance of A. muciniphila in fecal bacteria from CD patients and healthy individuals was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing analysis (HC, n = 77; CD, n = 80). ( L ) The transcriptional level of the REG3G gene in colon tissues from non-IBD controls and IBD patients was determined by reanalyzing a public bulk RNA-seq dataset ( GSE117993 , Not IBD n = 55, IBD n = 135). ( M ) Point plots show the correlation between the relative abundance of A. muciniphila and the expression levels of REG3G , REG3A or IFNG in rectum tissues from the same individual UC patients in the public RNA-seq dataset ( GSE111889 ). Data in ( A , D ) are from one of two independent experiments. Data in ( B , J - L ) are shown as mean ± SEM, and in ( D ) are shown as mean ± SD. Data in ( B , D , J - L ) were analyzed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. Correlation significance in panels ( C , G - I , M ) was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r 2 ) test. Condition labels shown in the bottom panels apply to all graphs within each column. (ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001)

Article Snippet: Akkermansia muciniphila was cultured on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium in the presence of recombinant Reg3β (MCE, Cat# HY- P76003 ) or Reg3γ (MCE, Cat# HY- P71256 ) at 5 μg/mL for 3, 6, 9, or 12 h at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, RNA Sequencing, Isolation, Bacteria, Metagenomics, Sequencing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Leptin and IL-6 Family Cytokines Synergize to Stimulate Müller Glia Reprogramming and Retina Regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) GFP and BrdU immunofluorescence shows Leptin synergizes with IL-11 and CNTF to stimulate GFP expression and MG proliferation in the uninjured retina 1016tuba1a:gfp fish, while Leptin, IL-11 or CNTF alone had little effect. Arrows point to MG-derived progenitors in top 3 panels. (B) Quantification of the effects of cytokines on MG proliferation when delivered individually or in combination to the uninjured retina; ***P<0.001 (combination vs individual), n=4 per group. (C, D) MO-mediated Ascl1a knockdown inhibits the synergistic effects of Leptin/IL-11 or Leptin/CNTF on GFP induction and MG proliferation; *P<0.05, n=3. (E, F) knockdown of Gp130 or Lepr inhibits the synergistic effects of Leptin/IL-11 on proliferation; ***P<0.001, n=4. Error bars, s.d. Scale bars, 50 µm (A, C, E). ONL, outer nuclear layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human Leptin (gift of Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc.), recombinant rat CNTF, recombinant human IL-6 and recombinant mouse IL-11 (R&D Systems) were reconstituted in PBS with 0.1% BSA, and 0.5–2 μl was injected intravitreally at the indicated concentration (See Table S2 for dissociation constants and estimates of intravitreal concentrations).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Knockdown

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: Leptin and IL-6 Family Cytokines Synergize to Stimulate Müller Glia Reprogramming and Retina Regeneration

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.047

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Intravitreal injection of Leptin/CNTF, or Leptin/IL-11 into the eye of gfap:stat3-gfp fish stimulates Stat3-GFP expression and BrdU incorporation throughout the uninjured retina’s INL, while Leptin, CNTF or IL-11 alone had little effect. Note that GFP reports activated p-Stat3 expression (Figure 1; Figure S2). White dots indicate autofluorescence unique to the green channel (see Figure S7K). The arrows point to MG-derived progenitors in the top 4 panels. (B) Quantification of Stat3-GFP+ cells in (A); ***P<0.001 (combination vs individual), n=4. (C) Quantification of BrdU+ cells in (A); ***P<0.001 (combination vs individual), n=4. (D) Western blot shows that retinal injury or intravitreal injection of cytokines into uninjured eye increases p-Stat3 expression. GS serves as loading control. (E) A model showing Leptin and IL-6 family cytokines synergize to stimulate MG reprogramming and retina regeneration via a Jak/Stat3 signaling pathway, which is essential for activating reprogramming genes like hbegf and ascl1a. Error bars, s.d. Scale bars, 50 µm. ONL, outer nuclear layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer.

Article Snippet: Recombinant human Leptin (gift of Amylin Pharmaceuticals Inc.), recombinant rat CNTF, recombinant human IL-6 and recombinant mouse IL-11 (R&D Systems) were reconstituted in PBS with 0.1% BSA, and 0.5–2 μl was injected intravitreally at the indicated concentration (See Table S2 for dissociation constants and estimates of intravitreal concentrations).

Techniques: Injection, Expressing, BrdU Incorporation Assay, Derivative Assay, Western Blot, Control

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Islet regeneration protein Reg3g promotes macrophage clearance of β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria-rich vesicles to mitigate T2DM

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103996

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reg3g facilitates macrophage to clear β cell-derived mitochondria by mitophagy, lowering proinflammatory responses. (A) Contents of Heparan sulfate detection in RAW264.7 cells treated with Reg3g or not for 24 h in the presence of mEVs (n = 6). (B) Flow cytometry analysis of MIN6-derived mtDsRed2 in RAW264.7 treated with Reg3g or not in the presence of mEVs (n = 5). (C) qPCR analysis of mtDNA from β-TC6 in RAW264.7 treated with Reg3g under β-TC6-derived mEVs-stimulated condition (n = 3). (D) Flow cytometry analysis of β cell-derived mtDsRed2 in RAW264.7 after transfected with siExtl3 or mimic and treated with Reg3g or not in the presence of mEVs (n = 5). (E) qPCR analysis of mtDNA from β-TC6 in RAW264.7 after transfected with siExtl3 or mimic and treated with Reg3g under β-TC6-derived mEVs-stimulated condition (n = 3). (F–J) The RAW264.7 cells were treated with Reg3g or not in the presence of mEVs in these indicated experiments. (F) Immunofluorescent staining of LC3 + autophagosomes and co-localization with mtDsRed2 + in RAW264.7 (n = 3). (G) Co-localization of exogenous mtDsRed2 + mitochondria and Lyso-Tracker-labeled lysosome within RAW264.7 (n = 3). (H) Representative transmission electron microscopy image of RAW264.7. The red arrow shows mitophagy (n = 3). (I) Western blot analysis of mitophagy-related protein in RAW264.7 (n = 3). (J) RAW264.7 cells were transfected with AdPlus-mCherry-GFP-LC3B to detect the autophagosome formation (n = 3). (K–P) The BMDM cells were treated with Reg3g or not in the presence of mEVs in these indicated experiments. (K) Flow cytometry analysis of CD11c + and CD206 + cells ratios (n = 5). (L) mRNA levels of Il1b, Cd11c, Tnfα, iNos, Cd206, Ym1, Arg1 and Retnla were determined by RT-qPCR (n = 5). (M) Phagocytosis detection using FITC-Dextran (n = 5). (N) Contents of lactate detection (n = 5). (O) Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) analysis in BMDMs (n = 6). (P) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) analysis in BMDMs (n = 6). Data are presented as the means ± SEMs. For A, B, C, I, K, L, M, N, O and P, statistical significance was calculated using Student's unpaired two-tailed t -test. For D and E, statistical significance was calculated using ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc comparison. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with mEVs and treated with recombinant mouse Reg3g protein (100 ng/ml, #HY- P79024 , MedChemExpress) or not for 24 h. The corresponding cultured cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (#P0013, Beyotime) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (#P1048, Beyotime).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry, Transfection, Staining, Labeling, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Islet regeneration protein Reg3g promotes macrophage clearance of β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria-rich vesicles to mitigate T2DM

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103996

Figure Lengend Snippet: Rewiring of macrophage induced by Reg3g relies on P2RX7 downregulation. (A–D) The RAW264.7 cells were treated with Reg3g or PBS for 24 h in the presence of mEVs in these indicated experiments. (A) mRNA levels of P2rx7 were determined by RT-qPCR in RAW264.7 (n = 5). (B–C) Western blot and quantification analysis of P2RX7 in whole cell lysate (n = 3). (D) Immunofluorescent staining of P2RX7 in mito-tracker Red labeled RAW264.7 (n = 3). (E–J) The BMDM cells were treated with A438079 and Reg3g for 24 h in the presence of mEVs in these indicated experiments. (E) Flow cytometry analysis of CD11c + and CD206 + cells ratios (n = 5). (F) mRNA levels of Il1b, Cd11c, Tnfα, iNos, Cd206, and Retnla were determined by RT-qPCR (n = 5). (G) Phagocytosis detection using FITC-Dextran (n = 5). (H) ECAR analysis in BMDMs (n = 6). (I) OCR analysis in BMDMs (n = 6). (J) Contents of lactate detection (n = 5). Data are presented as the means ± SEMs. For A and C, statistical significance was calculated using Student's unpaired two-tailed t -test. For E, F, G, H, I and J, statistical significance was calculated using ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc comparison. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with mEVs and treated with recombinant mouse Reg3g protein (100 ng/ml, #HY- P79024 , MedChemExpress) or not for 24 h. The corresponding cultured cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (#P0013, Beyotime) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (#P1048, Beyotime).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Staining, Labeling, Flow Cytometry, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Islet regeneration protein Reg3g promotes macrophage clearance of β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria-rich vesicles to mitigate T2DM

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103996

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reg3g downregulates P2RX7 by promoting HSPG-NF-κB complex formation to maintain NF-κB in the cytoplasm. (A–C) The RAW264.7 cells were treated with Reg3g or PBS for 24 h in the presence of mEVs in these indicated experiments. (A) Representative NF-κB immunofluorescence (n = 3). (B) Western blot analysis of NF-κB in whole cell lysate (n = 3). (C) Western blot analysis of NF-κB in cell nucleus lysate (n = 3). (D) Predicted NF-κB binding site motif. (E) The putative NF-κB binding sites in P2rx7 promoter. The start site of transcription (TSS) is denoted +1 and the location of potential NF-κB binding site has been shown relative to TSS. (F–H) The RAW264.7 cells were treated with Reg3g in the presence of mEVs in these indicated experiments. (F) ChIP-qPCR analyzed the binding of NF-κB to P2rx7 promoter (n = 3 to 5). (G) Co-localization of HSPG and NF-κB. The line charts represent fluorescence intensity (MFI), which is presented the distance from α to ω in the images (n = 3). (H) The interaction of HSPG and NF-κB was determined by co-immunoprecipitation (n = 3). Data are presented as the means ± SEMs. For B and C, statistical significance was calculated using Student's unpaired two-tailed t -test. For F, statistical significance was calculated using ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc comparison. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗ P < 0.01, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with mEVs and treated with recombinant mouse Reg3g protein (100 ng/ml, #HY- P79024 , MedChemExpress) or not for 24 h. The corresponding cultured cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (#P0013, Beyotime) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (#P1048, Beyotime).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Binding Assay, ChIP-qPCR, Fluorescence, Immunoprecipitation, Two Tailed Test, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Islet regeneration protein Reg3g promotes macrophage clearance of β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria-rich vesicles to mitigate T2DM

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103996

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reg3g deficiency aggravates HFD-induced pancreatic islet inflammation and increases proinflammatory macrophages expansion in islets. (A) Schematic diagram of animal experiments (n = 6). (B) Blood glucose levels during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the AUC of OGTT in WT and Reg3g −/− mice fed with CD or HFD for 13 weeks. (C) Fast blood glucose levels of the mice fed with CD or HFD for 14 weeks. (D) Glucose stimulated insulin secretion in WT and Reg3g −/− mice fed with CD or HFD for 13 weeks. (E) Immunostaining and quantification of islet β cell (insulin + ) and α cell (glucagon + ) in pancreatic sections of WT and Reg3g −/− mice fed with CD or HFD for 14 weeks. Scale bar, 200 μm. (F) The representative FACS plots and percentage of CD11b + F4/80 + cells harvested from pancreas of WT and Reg3g −/− mice fed with CD or HFD for 14 weeks. (G) The expression of CD11c analyzed under CD11b + F4/80 + gated in pancreas. (H) The expression of CD206 analyzed under CD11b + F4/80 + gated in pancreas. (I) Immunostaining of CD11c + (red) and CD206 + (green) in pancreatic sections of WT and Reg3g −/− mice fed with CD or HFD. Scale bar, 20 μm. (J) Schematic diagram of animal experiments (n = 6). (K) Flow cytometry measured the transfer of mitochondria from Ins2p-mMito-DsRed2-labeled β cells to CD11b + F4/80 + macrophages isolated from mice islets and quantified the mean fluorescence intensity of mtDsRed2. Data are represented as means ± SEMs. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 by Student's unpaired two-tailed t -test.

Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with mEVs and treated with recombinant mouse Reg3g protein (100 ng/ml, #HY- P79024 , MedChemExpress) or not for 24 h. The corresponding cultured cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (#P0013, Beyotime) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (#P1048, Beyotime).

Techniques: Immunostaining, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Labeling, Isolation, Fluorescence, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: Islet regeneration protein Reg3g promotes macrophage clearance of β cell-derived dysfunctional mitochondria-rich vesicles to mitigate T2DM

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103996

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reg3g improves glucose homeostasis and restricts inflammation in pancreatic islet of T2DM model mice. (A) Schematic diagram of animal experiments (n = 10). (B) Statistics on the incidence of diabetes after STZ injection. (C) Fast blood glucose levels of the mice at indicated time point. (D) Blood glucose levels during the OGTT, and the AUC of OGTT at 13th week. (E) Blood glucose levels during the ITT, and the AUC of ITT at 13th week. (F) Glucose stimulated insulin secretion at 13th week. (G) Schematic diagram of animal experiments (n = 6). (H) Western blot analysis of Reg3g in pancreas. (I) Fast blood glucose levels of the mice at indicated time point. (J) Blood glucose levels during the OGTT, and the AUC of OGTT at 13th week. (K) Glucose stimulated insulin secretion at 13th week. (L) Immunostaining and quantification of islet β cell (insulin + ) and α cell (glucagon + ) in pancreatic sections. Scale bar, 200 μm. (M) The representative FACS plots and percentage of CD11b + F4/80 + cells harvested from pancreas. (N) The expression of CD11c analyzed under CD11b + F4/80 + gated in pancreas. (O) The expression of CD206 analyzed under CD11b + F4/80 + gated in pancreas. (P) Immunostaining of CD11c + (red) and CD206 + (green) in pancreatic sections. Scale bar, 20 μm. (Q) Schematic diagram of animal experiments (n = 6). (R) Flow cytometry measured the transfer of mitochondria from Ins2p-mMito-DsRed2-labeled β cells to CD11b + F4/80 + macrophages isolated from mice islets and quantified the mean fluorescence intensity of mtDsRed2. Data are represented as means ± SEMs. ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗∗ P < 0.001 by Student's unpaired two-tailed t -test.

Article Snippet: RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with mEVs and treated with recombinant mouse Reg3g protein (100 ng/ml, #HY- P79024 , MedChemExpress) or not for 24 h. The corresponding cultured cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (#P0013, Beyotime) supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (#P1048, Beyotime).

Techniques: Injection, Western Blot, Immunostaining, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Labeling, Isolation, Fluorescence, Two Tailed Test

Journal: American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

Article Title: Human EndoC-βH1 β-cells form pseudoislets with improved glucose sensitivity and enhanced GLP-1 signaling in the presence of islet-derived endothelial cells.

doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2017

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. EndoC-H1 insulinomas cocultured with islet-derived MS1 endothelial cells form free-floating PIs. A and B: still frames from time-lapse videos of EndoC-H1 PI formation atop MS1 monolayer cells (5–7 and 8–10 days in cocultures). Black arrows show the fusion of small EndoC-H1 cell aggregates into larger PI structures. C: images of EndoC-H1 PIs following 7 and 14 days in coculture. Scale bars 500 m (100 m for enlarged images). D: immunofluorescence confocal imagery of EndoC-H1 monolayers and PIs (14 days). Tissues were immunostained for insulin (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue). Primary human islets serve as a positive control. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from z-stacks are shown for both PIs and primary islets (middle and on right). Scale bars 50 m. E: fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) staining for the presence of Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BS-1) endothelial cell surface marker in disassociated EndoC-H1 PIs. Uppermost solid line histogram, unstained control; black histogram, MS1 cells; third dotted histogram, unstained PIs; fourth shaded histogram, BS-1-stained PIs. F: confocal imaging of membrane dye-labeled MS1 (green) and EndoC-H1 (red) cells. Merged images were used to assess MS1 contamination of PIs over a 9-day PI culture. White arrows show a rare event of MS1 attached to mature free-floating PIs on day 5 and day 9 in coculture.

Article Snippet: The murine pancreatic islet endothelial cell line MS1 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA) and cultured in 12.5-cm2 Falcon tissue culture flasks (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Life Technologies) containing 4.5 g/l glucose and supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (Atlanta Biologicals, Lawrenceville, GA), penicillin-streptomycin-neomycin antibiotic mixture (Life Technologies), and amphotericin B (Fungizone; Life Technologies).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Positive Control, FACS, Staining, Marker, Control, Imaging, Membrane, Labeling

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven β-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.040

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Size and number of pancreatic islets per pancreatic section.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic islet treatments and qPCR Cells were treated for 36h with: Standard medium: Celprogen, M35002-04S for healthy islets and M35001-03S for T1D islets).

Techniques:

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven β-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.040

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) mRNA expression profile indicating changes of metabolic genes in pancreatic islets and (B) mRNA expression profile indicating changes in lineage markers in pancreatic islets, at the end of 4d FMD (FMD) and 1d after refeeding (RF1d), comparing the ad libitum (AL) control; *p<0.05. t-test. Heat-map generated by Qiagen RT2 PCR array indicating a fold-regulation ranging from 77 (max, red) to −4 (min, green).

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic islet treatments and qPCR Cells were treated for 36h with: Standard medium: Celprogen, M35002-04S for healthy islets and M35001-03S for T1D islets).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Generated

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven β-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.040

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Genetic strategy used to perform lineage tracing (tdTomato) of NGN3-expressing cells in pancreas and schematic time line of tamoxifen (TAM) treatments for lineage tracing experiments. A, mice fed ad libitum were treated with TAM; B, mice receiving FMD 3 days after TAM injection; C, mice receiving TAM and FMD concurrently and D, mice receiving FMD and vehicle (corn oil) concurrently. Pancreatic tissues were collected 11 days after TAM injection to analyze the effects of FMD on Ngn3-lineage generation. Tdtomato+ cells (red, arrows) are Ngn3-derived cells; n=6 for each group.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic islet treatments and qPCR Cells were treated for 36h with: Standard medium: Celprogen, M35002-04S for healthy islets and M35001-03S for T1D islets).

Techniques: Expressing, Injection, Derivative Assay

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Fasting-mimicking diet promotes Ngn3-driven β-cell regeneration to reverse diabetes

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.040

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Experimental scheme for fasting conditioning treatments on human pancreatic islet. Pancreatic islets from healthy human subjects (HI) or from T1D subjects (T1DI) were cultured separately based on manufacturer’s instructions and then exposed to fasting conditions (i.e. STS media, mTOR and PKA inhibitors and PKA siRNA) or control media for 36hr.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic islet treatments and qPCR Cells were treated for 36h with: Standard medium: Celprogen, M35002-04S for healthy islets and M35001-03S for T1D islets).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Distribution of lithostathine in the mouse lemur brain with aging and Alzheimer's-like pathology.

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Lithostathine distribution in the Microcebus murinus brain. Distribution of lithostathine immunopositive neurons from medial (A) to temporal (B) sections of mouse lemur brain atlas: neurons are largely distributed in the colliculi (c), cortex (cx), the hypothalamic area (h) and locus coeruleus (lc). Temporal section showed that lithostathine immunoreactive neurons were also present in thalamus (t), olfactory structures (olf), and hippocampus (hp). Immunostaining of lithostathine neurons in layers II (C) and in perikarya and neurites of pyramidal cells in layer IV and V (D, E, F), in thalamus and in colliculus (G). Scale bar: 50 m.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used to detect lithostathine immunopositive cells, its receptor, or to identify various cell phenotypes in the brain: (1) rabbit polyclonal antibody against human lithostathine protein (Litho-romeo, 1:100; Duplan et al., 2001); (2) goat IgG polyclonal antibody against lithostathine receptor (EXTL3, 1:100; R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK); (3) rabbit polyclonal antibody against amyloid peptide (1–42) (FCA3542, 1:1000; Calbiochem, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); (4) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:1000; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France); (5) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against human amyloid protein (1–42) (8G7, 1:100, Alexis Biochemicals, Nottingham, UK); (6) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against -tubulin protein ( tub, 1:250; Sigma- ldrich); (7) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against mirotubule associated protein (MAP2, 1:500; Sigma-Alrich); and (8) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against euronal nuclei (NeuN, 1:250; Chemicon, Millipore, Saint uentin -en -Yvelines, France).

Techniques: Immunostaining

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Distribution of lithostathine in the mouse lemur brain with aging and Alzheimer's-like pathology.

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Cellular localization of lithostathine. Double immunostaining experiments were used to investigate the cellular localization of lithostathine. Specific antibody against lithostathine was revealed with Alexa Fluor 488-labeled secondary antibodies (green immunolabeling) and specific antibodies against MAP2, -tubulin (tub), NeuN, or GFAP were detected with Cy3-labeled secondary antibodies. The nuclei were counterstained with 4=, 6=-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Lithostathine was observed in perikarya and neurites of neurons, in neocortical areas (A, C, E–G), in hippocampus (B, D, H), into the fornix (I), in ependymar cells of the lateral ventricle (J), in astrocytes into the fornix (K) and optic chiasma (L). Scale bar: 30 m.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used to detect lithostathine immunopositive cells, its receptor, or to identify various cell phenotypes in the brain: (1) rabbit polyclonal antibody against human lithostathine protein (Litho-romeo, 1:100; Duplan et al., 2001); (2) goat IgG polyclonal antibody against lithostathine receptor (EXTL3, 1:100; R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK); (3) rabbit polyclonal antibody against amyloid peptide (1–42) (FCA3542, 1:1000; Calbiochem, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); (4) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:1000; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France); (5) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against human amyloid protein (1–42) (8G7, 1:100, Alexis Biochemicals, Nottingham, UK); (6) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against -tubulin protein ( tub, 1:250; Sigma- ldrich); (7) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against mirotubule associated protein (MAP2, 1:500; Sigma-Alrich); and (8) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against euronal nuclei (NeuN, 1:250; Chemicon, Millipore, Saint uentin -en -Yvelines, France).

Techniques: Double Immunostaining, Labeling, Immunolabeling

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Distribution of lithostathine in the mouse lemur brain with aging and Alzheimer's-like pathology.

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Regional and cellular distribution of the lithostathine receptor EXTL3 in the Microcebus murinus brain. Representative overview of EXTL3 distribution from medial (A) to temporal (B) sections: EXTL3 positive cells are largely distributed into the cortical areas (cx) but also in subcortical areas; olfactory structures (olf), thalamic (t) and hypothalamic nuclei (h), ventral tegmental area (vta), colliculi (c), and brainstem (b). Immunoreactive cells were detected in pyramidal neurons of hippocampic CA areas (C, F), in pyramidal neurons of the cortex (D, G, H), and in thalamus (E). EXTL3 (green) was observed in the neurons that showed lithostathine immunoreactivity (red) (H1–3).

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used to detect lithostathine immunopositive cells, its receptor, or to identify various cell phenotypes in the brain: (1) rabbit polyclonal antibody against human lithostathine protein (Litho-romeo, 1:100; Duplan et al., 2001); (2) goat IgG polyclonal antibody against lithostathine receptor (EXTL3, 1:100; R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK); (3) rabbit polyclonal antibody against amyloid peptide (1–42) (FCA3542, 1:1000; Calbiochem, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); (4) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:1000; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France); (5) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against human amyloid protein (1–42) (8G7, 1:100, Alexis Biochemicals, Nottingham, UK); (6) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against -tubulin protein ( tub, 1:250; Sigma- ldrich); (7) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against mirotubule associated protein (MAP2, 1:500; Sigma-Alrich); and (8) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against euronal nuclei (NeuN, 1:250; Chemicon, Millipore, Saint uentin -en -Yvelines, France).

Techniques:

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Distribution of lithostathine in the mouse lemur brain with aging and Alzheimer's-like pathology.

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Lithostathine immunostaining in cortical areas of adult, healthy old, and old lemur with amyloid plaques. Figure represents the cortical distribution of lithostathine immunostaining in adult (A), healthy old (B), and old lemur with amyloid plaques (J). The presence of amyloid plaques was detected by 8G7 (C, G) or FCA3542 (D) antibodies. Lithostathine neurons, visualized using 3,3=-diaminobenzidine as the chromogen (brown) were sometimes detected in the vicinity of amyloid deposits (histogreen) (E, F, H). Distribution of neurons exhibiting lithostathine (I) and localization of A deposits in cerebral neocortex (J) and merge (K) of old-A lemur brain. Mapping of neurons and A plaques were performed using Mercator software (Explora Nova, La Rochelle, France).

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used to detect lithostathine immunopositive cells, its receptor, or to identify various cell phenotypes in the brain: (1) rabbit polyclonal antibody against human lithostathine protein (Litho-romeo, 1:100; Duplan et al., 2001); (2) goat IgG polyclonal antibody against lithostathine receptor (EXTL3, 1:100; R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK); (3) rabbit polyclonal antibody against amyloid peptide (1–42) (FCA3542, 1:1000; Calbiochem, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); (4) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:1000; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France); (5) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against human amyloid protein (1–42) (8G7, 1:100, Alexis Biochemicals, Nottingham, UK); (6) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against -tubulin protein ( tub, 1:250; Sigma- ldrich); (7) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against mirotubule associated protein (MAP2, 1:500; Sigma-Alrich); and (8) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against euronal nuclei (NeuN, 1:250; Chemicon, Millipore, Saint uentin -en -Yvelines, France).

Techniques: Immunostaining, Software

Journal: Neurobiology of aging

Article Title: Distribution of lithostathine in the mouse lemur brain with aging and Alzheimer's-like pathology.

doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.01.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Quantitative comparison of immunostained neurons for lithostathine in adult, healthy old, and old A lemur brains. Paraffin-embedded sections of adult brain were immunostained with the polyclonal rabbit antibody against human lithostathine and neurons of cortical brain area were counted using Mercator software (Explora Nova, La Rochelle, France). The values are mean standard error of the mean (SEM). **p 0.01 versus adult animals, and p 0.01 versus healthy old animals. Adult animals: ID199 (1.5-year-old), ID484 (2-year-old), ID489 (2-year-old), ID155 (2.5- year-old), ID156 (2.5-year-old), ID202 (3-year-old), ID479 (3-year-old), and ID551 (4-year-old); healthy old lemurs: ID475 (8-year-old), ID486 (9-year-old), ID528 (9-year-old), ID921 (9-year-old), ID435 (10-year-old), ID468 (13-year-old); old Aß lemurs: ID463 (5.5-year-old), ID988 (8-year- old), ID973 (9-year-old), ID473 (10-year-old), ID516 (10-year-old), and ID896 (13-year-old).

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used to detect lithostathine immunopositive cells, its receptor, or to identify various cell phenotypes in the brain: (1) rabbit polyclonal antibody against human lithostathine protein (Litho-romeo, 1:100; Duplan et al., 2001); (2) goat IgG polyclonal antibody against lithostathine receptor (EXTL3, 1:100; R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK); (3) rabbit polyclonal antibody against amyloid peptide (1–42) (FCA3542, 1:1000; Calbiochem, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany); (4) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, 1:1000; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France); (5) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against human amyloid protein (1–42) (8G7, 1:100, Alexis Biochemicals, Nottingham, UK); (6) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against -tubulin protein ( tub, 1:250; Sigma- ldrich); (7) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against mirotubule associated protein (MAP2, 1:500; Sigma-Alrich); and (8) mouse IgG monoclonal antibody against euronal nuclei (NeuN, 1:250; Chemicon, Millipore, Saint uentin -en -Yvelines, France).

Techniques: Comparison, Software